Verb
Definition :
A verb is a word or a group of words(phrase) that is/are used to describe an action, state or occurrence. ( Verb হচ্ছে এমন শব্দ বা শব্দ গুছচ যা দ্বারা কোন কাজ, অবস্থা বা ঘটনাকে বোঝায় ।
Role of Verb in a sentence:
Verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.
Verbs are:
Actions: make, do, walk, bring, run, learn, eat etc.
States: be exist, stand, etc.
Occurrences: happen, become, etc.
Example:
We learn English. ( আমরা ইংরাজি শিখি ।
She speaks in English. (সে ইংরাজিতে কথা বলে ।
Tamim is playing football. তামিম ফুটবল খেলিতেছে ।
Verbs change their forms based on time / tense(present/past and future), person(first person, second person, and third person, number(singular, plural), voice (active and passive), etc
Kinds of Verb:
Firstly, verb is divided into two major categories: (Verb প্রধানত দুইটি ভাগে বিভক্ত ।)
A. Principal or Lexical or Main Verb: Verbs which are used independently without the help of other verbs are called Principal or Main verb.(প্রধান Verb) যে Verb বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করে তাকে প্রধান Verb বা Principal Verb বলে ।
Example:
1. He works everyday. সে প্রতিদিন কাজ করে ।
2. We study hard.
3. They drive a car.
B. Auxiliary or Helping Verb ( সাহায্যকারী Verb) যে Verb এর নিজস্ব কোন অর্থ প্রকাশের ক্ষমতা নেই, শুধু Principal Verb কে তার অর্থ প্রকাশে সাহায্য করে তাকে Auxiliary বা Helping Verbবলে ।
Example:-
He is learning English.
She has done her job.
They are solving many problems.
Principal verbs are of two types depending on the object they take:
A. Transitive verb. (সকর্মক ক্রিয়া )
Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the verb in the sentence. (Transitive verb সর্বদা Object গ্রহণ করে থাকে । যে Verb কে “What/কি” বা “whom/কাকে” দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যায় তাকে Transitive verb বলে ।
Examples:
1. She reads the book. (verb with the object ‘the book’) (সে কি/what করে ? “পড়ে” 'Read' হল Transitive Verb) সে কি পড়ে ? বই পড়ে । এখানে 'the book' হল Object)
2. He gave me a mobile phone. (Transitive verb এর object ‘me’ and ‘mobile phone’)
3. I saw her in the market. (Transitive verb এর object ‘her’)
4. Taskin wants a pen form Ryan. (Transitive verb এর object ‘pen’)
B. Intransitive verb.
Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence. যে Verb কে “কখন/when” বা “কোথায়/where” “How/ কিভাবে’’ দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যায় তাকে Intransitive verb বলে । Intransitive verb এর object থাকে না ।
Int. Verb
Tasking lives in London. ( where/ কোথায় দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে, কোথায় বাস করে ? London এ; London এখানে Object না ।)
Papia runs swiftly. (How/ কিভাবে দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে, কিভাবে দৌড়ায় ? swiftly/দ্রুত । Swiftly এখানে Object না ।
Way to find transitive and intransitive verb:
If object is available in a sentence then the verb is transitive of that sentence. And if object is not present in sentence then the verb is intransitive of that sentence. So, to find an object we ask the verb by “Whom” or “what”, and the answer we get is an object of that sentence.
Example:
-He gave me a mobile phone.
Gave whom? Answer is me. And Gave what? Answer is mobile phone. So the “gave” verb should be a transitive verb.
-She reads.
Reads what? No answer is found. So the reads verb is intransitive verb.
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb:
Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.
Example:
- He is singing a song.
- She is doing her job.
- They are facing many problems.
Here, 'is' and 'are' are helping the main verbs sing, do and face.
Auxiliary verbs are of two types:
i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as be, am, is was, are, were, been, being, have, has, had, having, do, does and did.
Example:
Different forms of verb are used in different situations.
- I am doing the job. (present Continuous)
- Ryan was sleeping that moment. (past Continuous)
- It is done by her. (passive form)
- Rifat reads the book. (present form as principle verb)
- She is here. (principle verb)
- They have completed the mission. (present perfect)
- Does he make it?
- Have you prepared for the situation?
ii. Modal Auxiliaries such as can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to etc.
Modals only take the base form of verbs after them.
Example:
- Shall we start the game? (Asking the question)
- You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
- Would you give a cup of coffee? (request)
- I can do the sum? (ability)
- May I come in? (permission)
- I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
- We ought to respect our seniors (moral obligation)
Finite and Non-finite Verbs:
Finite verb: সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া
A Verb which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has subject is called finite verb. যে Verb বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করে তাকে সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া বা Finite Verb বলে ।
Example:
- I saw her crying. আমি তাকে কাঁদতে দেখলাম । (এখানে দেখা Verb টি বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করেছে ।) saw Verb টি finite verb
- He makes me proud.
- I will write a book in this month.
- The honey tastes sweet.
- They are doing a good job.
Non-finite verb: অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and cannot act as main verb. (যে Verb বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করতে পারে না তাকে অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া বলে বা Non-finite verb বলে)
Infinite
There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.
Certain verbs such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear, etc. are used without ‘to’ and are called bare infinitive.
Example:
- Make her stand.
- Let the people go there.
- You need not leave the place.
i. Infinite (verb এর আগে বসিয়ে গঠন করা হয় । যেমন ঃ infinitive = to + verb এর present form
I want to help the poor.
Tamim wants to go there.
He likes to play football.
Honey is sweet to taste.
The man is too late to go.
People gathered here to hear the news.
Gerund
A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of the base form of a verb.
ii. Gerund (Verb +ing) যদি noun ও verb এর কাজ করে তাহলে তাকে gerund বলে । যেমন ঃ
Taking exercise is good habit. ( ব্যায়াম করা একটি ভাল অভ্যাস )
Speaking English is not hard task. ( ইংরাজিতে কথা বলা কঠিন কাজ নয় ।)
Participles:
A Participle is verbal but works as an adjective. There are three types of participle.
Present Participle: Present participle is made by adding ‘ing ’ to the base form.
1. Present Participle :
Example:
The child came to its mother running. (শিশুটি দৌড়াতে দৌড়াতে তার মায়ের কাছে এল ।)
Tamim went to house dancing. ( তামিম নাচতে নাচতে বাড়িতে গেল । )
Don’t put your hand into boiling water.
Don’t get into a running bus.
N. B.: Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made by adding ‘ing’ to the base form.
But difference between them is that A gerund functions as a noun and present participles functions as an adjective.
Example:
- Swimming is good for the people. (Here swimming is noun)
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg.(Here swimming is an adjective)
Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding 'ed', -d' or-t to the base form of a regular verb.
Such as looked, said, learnt, broken, etc.
Example:
The days gone are sweeter than the days to come. ( বিগত দিনগুলো আসন্ন দিনগুলোর চেয়ে মধুর ।)
Perfect Participle : Structure: to + have + V(p.p.)
Example : I sorry to have distributed you.
Definition :
A verb is a word or a group of words(phrase) that is/are used to describe an action, state or occurrence. ( Verb হচ্ছে এমন শব্দ বা শব্দ গুছচ যা দ্বারা কোন কাজ, অবস্থা বা ঘটনাকে বোঝায় ।
Role of Verb in a sentence:
Verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.
Verbs are:
Actions: make, do, walk, bring, run, learn, eat etc.
States: be exist, stand, etc.
Occurrences: happen, become, etc.
Example:
We learn English. ( আমরা ইংরাজি শিখি ।
She speaks in English. (সে ইংরাজিতে কথা বলে ।
Tamim is playing football. তামিম ফুটবল খেলিতেছে ।
Verbs change their forms based on time / tense(present/past and future), person(first person, second person, and third person, number(singular, plural), voice (active and passive), etc
Kinds of Verb:
Firstly, verb is divided into two major categories: (Verb প্রধানত দুইটি ভাগে বিভক্ত ।)
A. Principal or Lexical or Main Verb: Verbs which are used independently without the help of other verbs are called Principal or Main verb.(প্রধান Verb) যে Verb বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করে তাকে প্রধান Verb বা Principal Verb বলে ।
Example:
1. He works everyday. সে প্রতিদিন কাজ করে ।
2. We study hard.
3. They drive a car.
B. Auxiliary or Helping Verb ( সাহায্যকারী Verb) যে Verb এর নিজস্ব কোন অর্থ প্রকাশের ক্ষমতা নেই, শুধু Principal Verb কে তার অর্থ প্রকাশে সাহায্য করে তাকে Auxiliary বা Helping Verbবলে ।
Example:-
He is learning English.
She has done her job.
They are solving many problems.
Principal verbs are of two types depending on the object they take:
A. Transitive verb. (সকর্মক ক্রিয়া )
Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the verb in the sentence. (Transitive verb সর্বদা Object গ্রহণ করে থাকে । যে Verb কে “What/কি” বা “whom/কাকে” দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যায় তাকে Transitive verb বলে ।
Examples:
1. She reads the book. (verb with the object ‘the book’) (সে কি/what করে ? “পড়ে” 'Read' হল Transitive Verb) সে কি পড়ে ? বই পড়ে । এখানে 'the book' হল Object)
2. He gave me a mobile phone. (Transitive verb এর object ‘me’ and ‘mobile phone’)
3. I saw her in the market. (Transitive verb এর object ‘her’)
4. Taskin wants a pen form Ryan. (Transitive verb এর object ‘pen’)
B. Intransitive verb.
Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence. যে Verb কে “কখন/when” বা “কোথায়/where” “How/ কিভাবে’’ দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যায় তাকে Intransitive verb বলে । Intransitive verb এর object থাকে না ।
Example:
Tamim gets up in the morning. (when দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে, কখন ঘুম থেকে উঠে ? সকালে। )Int. Verb
Tasking lives in London. ( where/ কোথায় দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে, কোথায় বাস করে ? London এ; London এখানে Object না ।)
Papia runs swiftly. (How/ কিভাবে দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে, কিভাবে দৌড়ায় ? swiftly/দ্রুত । Swiftly এখানে Object না ।
Way to find transitive and intransitive verb:
If object is available in a sentence then the verb is transitive of that sentence. And if object is not present in sentence then the verb is intransitive of that sentence. So, to find an object we ask the verb by “Whom” or “what”, and the answer we get is an object of that sentence.
Example:
-He gave me a mobile phone.
Gave whom? Answer is me. And Gave what? Answer is mobile phone. So the “gave” verb should be a transitive verb.
-She reads.
Reads what? No answer is found. So the reads verb is intransitive verb.
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb:
Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.
Example:
- He is singing a song.
- She is doing her job.
- They are facing many problems.
Here, 'is' and 'are' are helping the main verbs sing, do and face.
Auxiliary verbs are of two types:
i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as be, am, is was, are, were, been, being, have, has, had, having, do, does and did.
Example:
Different forms of verb are used in different situations.
- I am doing the job. (present Continuous)
- Ryan was sleeping that moment. (past Continuous)
- It is done by her. (passive form)
- Rifat reads the book. (present form as principle verb)
- She is here. (principle verb)
- They have completed the mission. (present perfect)
- Does he make it?
- Have you prepared for the situation?
ii. Modal Auxiliaries such as can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to etc.
Modals only take the base form of verbs after them.
Example:
- Shall we start the game? (Asking the question)
- You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
- Would you give a cup of coffee? (request)
- I can do the sum? (ability)
- May I come in? (permission)
- I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
- We ought to respect our seniors (moral obligation)
Finite and Non-finite Verbs:
Finite verb: সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া
A Verb which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has subject is called finite verb. যে Verb বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করে তাকে সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া বা Finite Verb বলে ।
Example:
- I saw her crying. আমি তাকে কাঁদতে দেখলাম । (এখানে দেখা Verb টি বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করেছে ।) saw Verb টি finite verb
- He makes me proud.
- I will write a book in this month.
- The honey tastes sweet.
- They are doing a good job.
Non-finite verb: অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and cannot act as main verb. (যে Verb বাক্যের কাজ সমাপ্ত করতে পারে না তাকে অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া বলে বা Non-finite verb বলে)
Infinite
There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.
Certain verbs such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear, etc. are used without ‘to’ and are called bare infinitive.
Example:
- Make her stand.
- Let the people go there.
- You need not leave the place.
i. Infinite (verb এর আগে বসিয়ে গঠন করা হয় । যেমন ঃ infinitive = to + verb এর present form
I want to help the poor.
Tamim wants to go there.
He likes to play football.
Honey is sweet to taste.
The man is too late to go.
People gathered here to hear the news.
Gerund
A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of the base form of a verb.
ii. Gerund (Verb +ing) যদি noun ও verb এর কাজ করে তাহলে তাকে gerund বলে । যেমন ঃ
Taking exercise is good habit. ( ব্যায়াম করা একটি ভাল অভ্যাস )
Speaking English is not hard task. ( ইংরাজিতে কথা বলা কঠিন কাজ নয় ।)
Participles:
A Participle is verbal but works as an adjective. There are three types of participle.
Present Participle: Present participle is made by adding ‘ing ’ to the base form.
1. Present Participle :
Example:
The child came to its mother running. (শিশুটি দৌড়াতে দৌড়াতে তার মায়ের কাছে এল ।)
Tamim went to house dancing. ( তামিম নাচতে নাচতে বাড়িতে গেল । )
Don’t put your hand into boiling water.
Don’t get into a running bus.
N. B.: Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made by adding ‘ing’ to the base form.
But difference between them is that A gerund functions as a noun and present participles functions as an adjective.
Example:
- Swimming is good for the people. (Here swimming is noun)
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg.(Here swimming is an adjective)
Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding 'ed', -d' or-t to the base form of a regular verb.
Such as looked, said, learnt, broken, etc.
Example:
The days gone are sweeter than the days to come. ( বিগত দিনগুলো আসন্ন দিনগুলোর চেয়ে মধুর ।)
Perfect Participle : Structure: to + have + V(p.p.)
Example : I sorry to have distributed you.
